Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc. Publishers; Mass., pg. • • • http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab.

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The taxonomy of invertebrates as proposed by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca in 2003 is a system of classification with emphasis on the invertebrates, in other words, a way to classify animals, primarily those which have no backbone.^[1]

• 2Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)
  • 2.1Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)
    • 2.1.1Parazoa
    • 2.1.2Mesozoa
    • 2.1.3Eumetazoa
      • 2.1.3.1Radiata
      • 2.1.3.2Bilateria

Prokaryotes[edit]

• Kingdom Eubacteria (Bacteria)
• Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria)

Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)[edit]

• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae (= Metaphyta)
• Kingdom Protista

• Phylum Euglenida
• Phylum Kinetoplastida
• Alveolata phyla

• Phylum Ciliophora
• Phylum Apicomplexa
• Phylum Dinoflagellata

• Phylum Stramenopila
• Phylum Rhizopoda
• Phylum Actinopoda
• Phylum Granuloreticulosa
• Phylum Diplomonadida
• Phylum Parabasilida
• Phylum Cryptomonada
• Phylum Microspora
• Phylum Ascetospora
• Phylum Choanoflagellata
• Phylum Chlorophyta
• Phylum Opalinida
• Incertae sedis: Genus Stephanopogon

Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)[edit]

Parazoa[edit]

Phylum Porifera[edit]

• Phylum Porifera

• Class Calcarea

• Subclass Calcinea
• Subclass Calcaronea

• Class Hexactinellida

• Subclass Amphidiscophora
• Subclass Hexasterophora

• Class Demospongiae

• Subclass Homoscleromorpha
• Subclass Tetractinomorpha
• Subclass Ceractinomorpha

Mesozoa[edit]

Phylum Placozoa[edit]

• Phylum Placozoa

Phylum Monoblastozoa[edit]

• Phylum Monoblastozoa

Phylum Rhombozoa[edit]

• Phylum Rhombozoa

• Order Dicyemida
• Order Heterocyemida

Phylum Orthonectida[edit]

• Phylum Orthonectida

Eumetazoa[edit]

Radiata[edit]

Phylum Cnidaria[edit]

• Phylum Cnidaria

• Class Hydrozoa

• Order Hydroida

• Suborder Anthomedusae (= Gymnoblastea or Athecata)
• Suborder Leptomedusae (= Calyptoblastea or Thecata)

• Order Trachylina
• Order Siphonophora
• Order Chondrophora
• Order Actinulida

• Class Anthozoa

• Subclass Octocorallia (= Alcyonaria)

• Order Alcyonacea
• Order Gastraxonacea
• Order Gorgonacea
• Order Helioporacea
• Order Pennatulacea
• Order Protoalcyonaria
• Order Stolonifera
• Order Telestacea

• Subclass Hexacorallia (= Zoantharia)

• Order Actiniaria
• Order Scleractinia (= Madreporaria)
• Order Zoanthidea
• Order Corallimorpharia

• Subclass Ceriantipatharia

• Order Antipatharia
• Order Ceriantharia

• Class Cubozoa
• Class Scyphozoa

• Order Stauromedusae
• Order Coronatae
• Order Semaeostomae
• Order Rhizostomae

Phylum Ctenophora[edit]

• Phylum Ctenophora

• Order Beroida
• Order Cestida
• Order Cydippida
• Order Ganeshida
• Order Lobata
• Order Platyctenida
• Order Thalassocalycida

Bilateria[edit]

The authors divide the bilaterians in three informal groups:

• acoelomates (phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora)
• blastocoelomate (or pseducoelomate, phyla Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Loricifera)
• coelomates (or eucoelomates, phyla Nemertea, Priapula, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata).

Several groups traditionally viewed as having a blastocoelomate condition are viewed here as acoelomates (e.g., Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida).

Some of the coelomates groups (e.g., Arthropoda, Mollusca) have greatly reduced celomic spaces; often the main body cavity is a bloodfilled space called a hemocoel, and is associated with an open circulatory system.

The Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta and Phoronida are viewed as lophophorates.

In a phylogeny,^[2] the bilaterians are divided in:

Phylum Platyhelminthes[edit]

• Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Class Turbellaria

• Order Acoela
• Order Catenulida
• Order Haplopharyngida
• Order Lecithoepitheliata
• Order Macrostomida
• Order Nemertodermatida
• Order Polycladida
• Order Prolecithophora
• Order Proplicastomata
• Order Proseriata
• Order Rhabdocoela

• Suborder Dalyellioida
• Suborder Thyphloplanoida
• Suborder Kalyptorhynchia
• Suborder Temnocephalida

• Order Tricladida

• Class Monogenea

• Subclass Monopisthocotylea
• Subclass Polyopisthocotylea

• Class Trematoda

• Subclass Digenea
• Subclass Aspidogastrea

• Class Cestoda

• Subclass Cestodaria
• Subclass Eucestoda

Phylum Nemertea[edit]

• Phylum Nemertea

• Class Anopla
• Class Enopla

Phylum Rotifera[edit]

• Phylum Rotifera

• Class Digonata

• Order Seisonidea
• Order Bdelloidea

• Class Monogononta

Phylum Gastrotricha[edit]

• Phylum Gastrotricha

• Order Macrodasyida
• Order Chaetonotida

• Suborder Multitubulatina
• Suborder Paucitubulatina

Phylum Kinorhyncha[edit]

• Phylum Kinorhyncha

• Order Cyclorhagida
• Order Homalorhagida

Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)[edit]

• Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)

• Class Adenophorea (= Aphasmida)

• Subclass Enoplia
• Subclass Chromadoria

• Class Secernentea (= Phasmida)

• Subclass Rhabditia
• Subclass Spiruria
• Subclass Diplogasteria

Phylum Nematomorpha[edit]

• Phylum Nematomorpha

• Order Nectonematoidea
• Order Gordioidea

Phylum Priapula[edit]

• Phylum Priapula

• Family Priapulidae
• Family Tubiluchidae
• Family Maccabeidae (= Chaetostephanidae)

Phylum Acanthocephala[edit]

• Phylum Acanthocephala

• Class Palaeacanthocephala
• Class Archiacanthocephala
• Class Eoacanthocephala

Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)[edit]

• Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)

• Family Loxosomatidae
• Family Loxokalypodidae
• Family Pedicellinidae
• Family Barentsiidae

Phylum Gnathostomulida[edit]

• Phylum Gnathostomulida

• Order Filospermoidea
• Order Bursovaginoidea

Phylum Loricifera[edit]

• Phylum Loricifera

• Order Nanaloricida

• Family Nanaloricidae
• Family Pliciloricidae

Phylum Cycliophora[edit]

• Phylum Cycliophora

Phylum Annelida[edit]

• Phylum Annelida

• Class Polychaeta, with 25 orders and 87 families (not all are listed)

• Order Capitellida
• Order Chaetopterida
• Order Cirratulida
• Order Eunicida
• Order Myzostomida
• Order Opheliida
• Order Spionida
• Order Orbiniida
• Order Oweniida
• Order Phyllodocida
• Order Sabellida
• Order Terebellida

• Class Clitellata

• Subclass Oligochaeta

• Order Lumbriculida

• Family Lumbriculidae

• Order Moniligastrida

• Family Moniligastridae

• Order Haplotaxida, with 25 families (not all are listed)

• Family Almidae
• Family Megascolecidae
• Family Tubificidae
• Family Naididae
• Family Lumbricidae

• Subclass Hirudinoidea

• Order Acanthobdellida
• Order Branchiobdellida
• Order Hirudinida

Phylum Sipuncula[edit]

• Phylum Sipuncula

• Class Phascolosomida

• Order Aspidosiphoniformes
• Order Phascolosomiformes

• Class Sipunculida

• Order Golfingiaformes

• Family Themistidae
• Family Phascolionidae
• Family Golfingiidae

• Order Sipunculiformes

Phylum Echiura[edit]

• Phylum Echiura

• Order Echiuroinea
• Order Xenopneusta
• Order Heteromyota

Phylum Onychophora[edit]

• Phylum Onychophora

• Family Peripatidae
• Family Peripatopsidae

Phylum Tardigrada[edit]

• Phylum Tardigrada

• Order Heterotardigrada
• Order Mesotardigrada
• Order Eutardigrada

Phylum Arthropoda[edit]

• Phylum Arthropoda

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• Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
• Subphylum Crustacea

• Class Remipedia
• Class Cephalocarida
• Class Branchiopoda

• Order Anostraca
• Order Notostraca
• Order Diplostraca

• Suborder Laevicaudata
• Suborder Spinicaudata
• Suborder Cyclestherida
• Suborder Cladocera

• Class Malacostraca

• Subclass Phyllocarida

• Order Lepstostraca

• Subclass Eumalacostraca

• Superorder Hoplocarida

• Order Stomatopoda

• Superorder Syncarida

• Order Bathynellacea
• Order Anaspidacea

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• Superorder Eucarida

• Order Euphausiacea
• Order Amphionidacea
• Order Decapoda

• Suborder Dendrobranchiata
• Suborder Pleocyemata

• Infraorder Caridea
• Infraorder Stenopodidea
• Infraorder Brachyura
• Infraorder Anomura
• Infraorder Astacidea
• Infraorder Palinura
• Infraorder Thalassinidea

• Superorder Peracarida

• Order Mysida
• Order Lophogastrida
• Order Cumacea
• Order Tanaidacea
• Order Mictacea
• Order Spelaeogriphacea
• Order Thermosbaenacea
• Order Isopoda

• Suborder Anthuridea
• Suborder Asellota
• Suborder Calabozoidea
• Suborder Epicaridea
• Suborder Flabellifera
• Suborder Gnathiidea
• Suborder Oniscidea
• Suborder Phreatoicidea
• Suborder Valvifera

• Order Amphipoda

• Suborder Gammaridea
• Suborder Hyperiidea
• Suborder Caprellidea
• Suborder Ingolfiellidea

• Class Maxillopoda

• Subclass Thecostraca

• Infraclass Facetotecta
• Infraclass Ascothoracida
• Infraclass Cirripedia

• Superorder Acrothoracica
• Superorder Rhizocephala
• Superorder Thoracica

• Subclass Tantulocarida
• Subclass Branchiura
• Subclass Pentastomida
• Subclass Mystacocarida
• Subclass Copepoda

• Infraclass Progymnoplea

• Order Platycopioida

• Infraclass Neocopepoda

• Order Calanoida
• Order Cyclopoida
• Order Gelyelloida
• Order Harpacticoida
• Order Misophrioida
• Order Monstrilloida
• Order Mormonilloida
• Order Poecilostomatoida
• Order Siphonostomatoida

• Subclass Ostracoda

• Superorder Myodocopa

• Order Myodocopida
• Order Halocyprida

• Superorder Podocopa

• Order Podocopida
• Order Platycopida
• Order Palaeocopida

• Subphylum Hexapoda

• Class Entognatha

• Order Collembola
• Order Protura
• Order Diplura

• Class Insecta

• Subclass Archaeognatha

• Order Archaeognatha (= Microcoryphia)

• Subclass Zygentoma

• Order Thysanura

• Subclass Pterygota

• Infraclass Palaeoptera

• Order Ephemeroptera
• Order Odonata

• Infraclass Neoptera

• Order Plecoptera
• Order Blattodea
• Order Isoptera
• Order Mantodea
• Order Phasmida (= Phasmatoptera)
• Order Grylloblattodea
• Order Dermaptera
• Order Orthoptera
• Order Mantophasmatodea
• Order Embioptera
• Order Zoraptera
• Order Psocoptera
• Order Phthiraptera
• Order Thysanoptera
• Order Hemiptera
• Order Strepsiptera
• Order Megaloptera
• Order Raphidioptera
• Order Neuroptera
• Order Coleoptera
• Order Mecoptera
• Order Siphonaptera
• Order Diptera
• Order Trichoptera
• Order Lepidoptera
• Order Hymenoptera

• Subphylum Myriapoda

• Class Diplopoda

• Subclass Penicillata

• Order Polyxenida

• Subclass Chilognatha

• Order Callipodida
• Order Chordeumatida
• Order Glomerida
• Order Glomeridesmida
• Order Julida
• Order Platydesmida
• Order Polydesmida
• Order Polyzoniida
• Order Siphonophorida
• Order Siphoniulida
• Order Sphaerotheriida
• Order Spirobolida
• Order Spirostreptida
• Order Stemmiulida

• Class Chilopoda

• Subclass Notostigmophora

• Order Scutigeromorpha

• Subclass Pleurostigmophora

• Order Craterostigmomorpha
• Order Geophilomorpha
• Order Lithobiomorpha
• Order Scolopendromorpha

• Class Pauropoda
• Class Symphyla

• Subphylum Cheliceriformes

• Class Pycnogonida
• Class Chelicerata

• Subclass Merostomata

• Order Eurypterida
• Order Xiphosura

• Subclass Arachnida

• Order Acari

• Suborder Opiloacarifomes
• Suborder Parasitiformes
• Suborder Acariformes

• Order Amblypygi
• Order Araneae

• Suborder Mesothelae
• Suborder Opisthothelae

• Superfamily Mygalomorpha

• Family Ctenizidae
• Family Atypicae
• Family Theraphosidae
• Family Dipluridae

• Superfamily Araneomorphae

• Family Loxoscelidae
• Family Theridiidae
• Family Uloboridae
• Family Araneidae
• Family Tetragnathidae
• Family Clubionidae
• Family Linyphiidae
• Family Agelenidae
• Family Argyronetidae
• Family Lycosidae
• Family Pisauridae
• Family Oxyopidae
• Family Thomisidae
• Family Heteropodidae
• Family Salticidae
• Family Dinopidae
• Family Scytodidae

• Order Opiliones
• Order Palpigradi
• Order Pseudoscorpionida
• Order Ricinulei
• Order Schizomida
• Order Scorpiones
• Order Solpugida
• Order Uropygi

Phylum Mollusca[edit]

• Phylum Mollusca

• Class Aplacophora

• Subclass Chaetodermomorpha (= Caudofoveata)
• Subclass Neomeniomorpha (= Solenogastres)

• Class Monoplacophora
• Class Polyplacophora

• Order Lepidopleurida
• Order Ischnochitonida
• Order Acanthochitonida

• Class Gastropoda

• Subclass Prosobranchia

• Order Archaeogastropoda
• Order Mesogastropoda
• Order Neogastropoda

• Subclass Opisthobranchia

• Order Acochlidioidea
• Order Cephalaspidea
• Order Runcinoidea
• Order Sacoglossa
• Order Anaspidea
• Order Thecosomata
• Order Gymnosomata
• Order Notaspidea
• Order Nudibranchia

• Subclass Pulmonata

• Order Archaeopulmonata
• Order Basommatophora
• Order Stylommatophora
• Order Systellommatophora

• Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda, or Lamellibranchiata)

• Subclass Protobranchia

• Order Nuculida (= Palaeotaxodonta)
• Order Solemyida (= Cryptodonta)

• Subclass Lamellibranchia

• Superorder Filibranchia (= Pteriomorpha)
• Superorder Eulamellibranchia (= Heterodonta)

• Order Palaeoheterodonta
• Order Veneroida
• Order Myoida

• Subclass Anomalodesmata

• Class Scaphopoda
• Class Cephalopoda (= Siphonopoda)

• Subclass Nautiloidea (= Tetrabranchiata)
• Subclass Coleoidea (= Dibranchiata)

• Order Sepioida
• Order Teuthoida (= Decapoda)
• Order Octopoda
• Order Vampyromorpha

Phylum Phoronida[edit]

• Phylum Phoronida

Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)[edit]

• Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)

• Class Phylactolaemata
• Class Stenolaemata
• Class Gymnolaemata

• Order Ctenostomata
• Order Cheilostomata

Phylum Brachiopoda[edit]

• Phylum Brachiopoda

• Class Inarticulata
• Class Articulata

Phylum Echinodermata[edit]

• Phylum Echinodermata

• Class Crinoidea
• Class Asteroidea

• Order Platysterida
• Order Paxillosida
• Order Valvatida
• Order Spinulosida
• Order Forcipulatida

• ”Sea daisies” (previously the class Concentricycloidea, but assigned by many authorities to the Spinulosida)
• Class Ophiuroidea

• Order Oegophiurida
• Order Phrynophiurida
• Order Ophiurida

• Class Echinoidea

• Subclass Cidaroidea
• Subclass Euechinoidea

• Infraclass Echinothurioidea
• Infraclass Acroechinoidea

• Cohort Diadematacea
• Cohort Echinacea
• Cohort Irregularia

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• Class Holothuroidea

• Subclass Dendrochirotacea

• Order Dactylochirotida
• Order Dendrochirotida

• Subclass Aspidochirotacea

• Order Aspidochirotida
• Order Elasipodida

• Subclass Apodacea

• Order Molpadida
• Order Apodida

Phylum Chaetognatha[edit]

• Phylum Chaetognatha

• Order Phragmophora
• Order Aphragmophora

Phylum Hemichordata[edit]

• Phylum Hemichordata

• Class Enteropneusta
• Class Pterobranchia
• Class Planctosphaeroidea

Phylum Chordata[edit]

• Phylum Chordata

• Subphylum Urochordata (= Tunicata)

• Class Ascidiacea
• Class Thaliacea
• Class Appendicularia (= Larvacea)
• Class Sorberacea

• Subphylum Cephalochordata (= Acrania)
• Subphylum Vertebrata

• Class Myxini
• Class Cephalaspidomorphi
• Class Chondrichthyes
• Class Osteichthyes
• Class Amphibia
• Class Reptiliomorpha (= Sauropsida)
• Class Mammalia

References[edit]

1. ^Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN978-0-87893-097-5.
2. ^Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003), p. 875.